Zhao Mengfu (1254 – 1322) born during the latter part of the Song dynasty and died just shy of the half point of the Yuan dynasty. He attained a very high position in the Mongolian court. This was a major aspect that his critics focused on because as the 11th generation descendant of Zhao Kuang Yin (趙匡胤), founder of the Sung dynasty (宋朝) many felt he shouldn’t served the Mongolians who ended the Song dynasty.

Zhao Kuang Yin had four sons and Zhao Mengfu belonged to the branch of Prince Qin (秦王德芳), Zhao Kuang Yin’s fourth and youngest son. The ancestor, Baqut (伯圭), four generations before Zhao Mengfu, was the olderer brother of the Song emperor, Xiao Zhong. It was at this time that his family settled in Huzhou, Zhejiang (浙江湖州).

Zhao Mengfu’s biaozi (表字) is Ziang (子昂). A common practice of the time was for scholars to take up pseudonyms or hao (號). Zhao Mengfu had many. Here are some of better known works:

• Songxue (松雪, “Pine Snow”)
• Oubo (歐波, “Gull Waves”)
• and Shuijing Gongdao Ren (水精宫道人, “Crystal Palace Taoist”)

By all accounts he was multi-talented. We were told that he had a photographic memory. He was poet, painter, callicgrapher, craver, and musician. However, he is best known for his paintings and calligrphy.

He painted a very broad variety of subjects: landscape, people, plants, birds and horses. His style was just as diversed, ranging from detailed (工筆), free form (寫意), full colours (青綠), and ink (水墨).

His wife, Guan Daosheng (管道生 1262-1319), was a poet and accompanished painter. Her specialty was bamboo and plum. Their son, Zhao Yong (趙雍) was also a painter in his own right and an art collector.

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We can even say he was from a family of soldiers. His father, Zhao Hong Yin (趙弘殷), was a brave and outstanding soldier and commander. Due to the turmoil coupled with the rapid rise and fall of the warlords Zhao Hong Yin served under the following dynasties:

1. Later Tang (後唐)
2. Later Han (後漢)
3. Later Zhou (後周).

Zhao Kuang Yin was Zhao Hong Yin’s second son who initially joined the army of Guo Wei (郭威). In 951AD Gui Wei captured Kaifeng (開封) and established the Zhou dynasty (951-960) with Kaifeng as the capital. This was known as the Later Zhou dynasty. Guo Wei became Zhou Gao Zu (周高祖). He reigned from 951-954.

By this time Zhao Kuang Yin had risen to the rank of general. His title was Ding Guo Jie Du Shi (定國節度使). In addition both he and his father were appointed commanders of the royal guards (殿前都指揮使).

The Later Zhou dynasty was beset with one misfortune after another. The first two emperors were extremely capable but both suffered untimely deaths. Upon Huo Wei’s death Zhou Xie Zhong Chai Rong (周世宗柴榮), who was Guo Wei’s adopted son, succeeded him. It was during Chai Rong’s reign (954-959) that the unification of China was initiated. His army was so strong that he not only defeated other war lords but was in the process of reclaiming part of northern China that was lost to the nomadic empire, Liao (遼國), when he suddenly took ill. Upon Chai Rong’s death his seven year old son, Chai Zhong Xu (柴宗訓) ascended to the throne. He is known as Zhou Gong Di (周恭帝).

On New Year’s day, word came from the northern front that the Later Han (後漢) army with the backing of the Liao army was on the move and poised to attack. Zhao Kuang Yin was given the responsibility of defending the country against this pending invasion. General Zhao and his army left Kaifeng and moved towards the northern front. The first night after leaving the capital, the army arrived and camped at Chen Qiao Yi (陳橋驛).

Many soldiers didn’t want to leave home because it was the middle of winter and more importantly, it was two days after the new year. Feelings of dissatisfaction were running high. During the night some blamed that the young emperor for sending them away from the warmth of home and family during this festival time. Furthermore it was suggested that a coup would ensure a quick trip home.

The next morning, as soon as Zhao Kuang Yin stepped out of his tent the soldiers waiting outside immediately draped a yellow robe over him. All knelt and hailed him as their new emperor. At this point Zhao Kuang Yin had no choice but to return to Kaifeng where the young Zhou Gong Di was forced abdicated.

With any government succession is always a problem, more so with absolute power. With the Sung dynasty it was a bit more complex. Zhao Kung Yi’s mother, Queen To, had decreed or rather a death bed wish that the throne should pass from brother to brother rather than follow the more common practice of father to son.

Tai Zu’s younger brother, Zhao Guang Yi succeeded him as the second emperor of the Sung dynasty. The events on the eve of his succession, however, remained one of the unsolved mysteries in Chinese history. The generally accepted course of event is as follows. Sung Tai Zu wasn’t feeling well. At midnight he asked to see Zhao Guang Yi. During the visit all servants were kept at a distance. From the distance they can only made out the shadows under the light. Hearing the conversation was beyond question. They saw the shadow of Zhao Guang Yi repeatedly getting up from his seat and sitting down. Finally they heard the sound of an ax stricking the ground. In the morning Guang Yi emerged to announce Tai Zu’s death. Tai Zu was only 50 years old with no known illness. Later in the day, he ascended the throne. Historians called this “the shadows by the candle and the sound of the ax” incident (燭影斧聲).

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Nanxiong (南雄) county lies in the northeast part of Guangdong province. It has 24 towns and a population of 440,000. Historically, Nanxiong connected Guangdong and Jiangxi which made it the key junction between northern and southern China. It was a marketplace and the central point in the exchange of goods and cultures between Central China and the outpost Guangdong.

As with all ancient towns, there are many places of historic interest. We, however, are primarily interested in Zhuji Lane (珠璣巷). It lies in the Meiguan ancient post road (梅關古驛道), nine kilometers from the northern part of Nanxiong county.

Zhuji Lane was first called Jingzong Lane (敬宗巷). The change came about during the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). According to folklore, seven generations of the Zhang Chang (張昌) family lived together in Jingzong Lane. The Imperial court in 825AD bestowed upon them a1 pearl lace for this filial obedience. The following year, the emperor died and his official clan temple title (宗廟諡) was Jingzong. In ancient China it was a common or rather imperative practice to avoid using the same characters as the names and titles of the emperors. Thus Jingzong Lane was changed to Zhuji Lane for this purpose and also to commemorate the honour received by the Zhang Chang family. Zhuji Lane is 1,500 meters long and 4 meters wide. It is paved with cobble stone. There are village houses and memorial temples on each side of the road. Shops are connected with each other, winding straight but orderly, uneven and protruding but naturally. Along this lane in addition to ancient buildings and ruins are bridges, pond and river.

Because of its geographic location, Zhuji Lane became very prosperous during the Tang and Song dynasties. It was a true melting pot where north met south and people with different surnames became neighbours. At the end of the Song Dynasty (宋朝), Zhuji Lane residents migrated southward to the Pearl (Zhujiang) River delta ( 珠江三角洲) to avoid the invading Mongolian army. It was an exodus because a total of 134 surnames and thousands of people were involved. They helped to spread the more advanced Central Plain culture and production techniques to the then still relatively uninhabited southern frontier. The city of Guangzhou has a Zhuji Road (珠璣路) which is supposingly named to commemorate many of the city residents’ place of origin.

1 Source: History Subordinate to Nanxiong county

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