Canada 加拿大

Lee Association of Calgary
132-2nd Ave SW
Calgary, Alta T2P OB8
Tel: (403)262-2247

Lee Association of Edmonton
c/o 13204 62nd Ave
Edmonton, Alta T6H 1N9

Lee Association of Montreal
94 Lagauchetiere St W.
Montreal, Que H2Z 1C2
Tel: (514)861-3762

Lee Association of Toronto
175A Dundas St W. 2nd Fl
Toronto ON M5G 1C7
Tel: (416)979-3291

Lee Association of Vancouver
313 East Pender
Vancouver BC V6A 1V1

Lee Association of Victoria
614 1/2 Fisgard St
Victoria BC V8W 1R6

Lee Association of Winnipeg
236 King St
Winnipeg, Man R3B 1J4

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In 1871 BC agreed to enter Confederation as a province of Canada, on the condition that a transcontinental railway be built to link it to the rest of the country. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway brought the second wave of Chinese immigrants. The 1885 Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration reported that 15,701 Chinese entered Canada between 1881 and 1884. In 1882 alone, eight thousand arrived in Victoria.

However, the long journey extracted a heavy toll. The travelers faced with numerous hazards such as storms, pirates, insanitary conditions, starvation and scurvy. It was estimated that nearly ten percent died of scurvy. In December 1859, the Lady Inglis was lost on her voyage from China to Canada. The Lawson arrived at Victoria in June 1860 with 68 passengers, although its list showed 280; the missing passengers couldn’t be accounted for. The captain was later charged with having no clearance paper and no medicine chest on board.

The majority of the immigrants came from the two southern coastal provinces of Guangdong (廣柬省), particularly the four adjacent counties of Xinhui (新會), Taisan (台山), Kaiping (開平) and Enping (恩平)- collectively known as Siyi (四邑), and Fujian (福建省). The similar dialect spoken by these Siyi people are commonly referred to as Taishanese (台山話). It became the defacto Chinese language in North America up to and until the early 1970′s Then Hong Kong became the primary source of Chinese immigrants and Cantonese (廣東話) is now the most commonly spoken dialect in the communities. However, majority of Chinese immigrants now come directly from China. This shift will not only impact the spoken language but also the written form as Simplified Chinese, standard in Mainland China, replaces the current popular Traditional Chinese.

Here is a listing of the Chinese in British Columbia 1884 – 1885 by surname and county of origin as compiled by the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association.

By 1886, Chinese begun to settle at the corner of Carrall and Pender (was Dupont at the time). The main business was laundries. Slowly the settlement spread eastward along Pender. However, all was destroyed during the disastrous Vancouver fire of June 13, 1886.

Because of the depression at the time, the local unemployed white workers, through the Knights of Labour, expressed strong feelings against Chinese labour. The Knights of Labour were adamant that Vancouver should excluded all Chinese. In early 1887, Anti-Chinese Leagues were formed and meetings held throughout British Columbia. On February 24, 1887, an Anti-Chinese meeting was held in Vancouver because it was rumoured that at least a hundred Chinese had landed in Vancouver. This eventually led to the February 24 Chinatown Riot.

The Vancouver Anti-Chinese League held a meeting on February 24, 1887 when twenty-four Chinese arrived from Victoria to clear the Brighouse Estate. After the meeting was formally adjourned, someone called for “Those in favour of running out the Chinese tonight.” The crowd responded with a roar and they, estimated at three to four hundred strong, marched through the snow to the Chinese camp at the western end of the Coal Harbour Bridge. The Chinese were roughly herded outside and the camp destroyed. To escape the kicking and manhandling, some of the Chinese jumped into the icy water and the rest were chased onto the CPR right-of-way without shelter. Not satisfied, part of the mob returned to Vancouver and set fire to some of the Chinese buildings on Carrall Street. The mob returned to Chinatown the next day and forced the Chinese to leave for New Westminster.

The Chinese didn’t return to Vancouver until the Attorney General in Victoria introduced An Act for the Preservation of Peace within the Municipal Limits of the City of Vancouver and brought 36 constables from Victoria to Vancouver. By 1887 present day Vancouver Chinatown began to take shape along Dupont (present day Pender) from Carrall to Main (was Westminster Avenue at the time) with thirty-two businesses. For the next eighty years the Vancouver Chinese community remained in this area which expanded later to Gore St. on the east and Keefer on the south.

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The Chinese, as a rule, aren’t big on details when giving account of events. A major historical event may be recorded simply by cause and effect. Anybody reading older Chinese writings on historical events can’t help but observe this briefness. So Dad was no exception when he talked about himself.

When he talked about his journey to Canada, the wording was something in the nature of “the ship docked, Uncle came aboard to meet me, he paid the Head Tax and I stayed.” Nothing was said about the ship, the living conditions, the living quarters, the food or the fellow passengers. The probing of his feelings and fears in leaving home and traveling to a far and foreign land at such a young age never came up. The over-crowded condition in Southern China made going abroad to work and support the family an accepted part of life. This, personal sacrifices for the family, is in-line with traditional Chinese culture. Thinking back, there was a feeling that living conditions in the new home may not be that much better than those in China.

Upon his arrival in Canada, Dad went to school for about two months before starting to work in his uncle’s laundry, The Charlie Li Laundry, on St. Denis Street. There he would stayed, except for the four trips back to China, until 1952 when he decided to enter the restaurant business. The hours at the laundry were long – eighteen-hour days were the norm. I remember he talked about falling asleep on his feet while ironing. He showed me one of the irons. The were heavy. It was more of an anchor than iron.

Another part of Dad’s job was collecting and delivering laundry. He showed me his black lunch box which had a thermos bottle inside and the bag he used to hold the laundry. It was a huge looking monster, almost as tall as him. I could imagine the difficulties he must have had in hauling it through his route. It must be really brutal during the months with the heavy Montreal snow-falls. He said there were occasions when the bus drivers wouldn’t let him on because of the enormous laundry bag while other times he would get a free ride because of it.

In 1921 Dad went back to China and got married to Jiu Thue Loon (趙翠鸞). It was, as was the custom of the time, an arranged marriage. They didn’t enjoy too much time together as Dad returned to Canada shortly after.

The next trip home for Dad came in 1927. Their eldest child, Lin Feng (琳鳳), was born on July 11, 1928. Not long after my sister’s birth, Dad returned to Canada and to the laundry, just in time for the Great Depression.

He didn’t say too much about the Depression. I only remember two of his comments:

• Times were hard. There just wasn’t any work. This condition didn’t change until the war came. Then there was so much work that even children were pressed into service.
• Letters from home weren’t something to look forward to. The wording might be different but the theme was always the same: send money.

Despite the Depression, Dad managed to save enough for another trip back to China in the late 30′s. During this trip two major events took place:

• Dad purchased a lot on the edge of the village and built a new house; and
• the birth of their second child, Helen (鳴鳳), on March 25, 1938

Shortly after, Dad returned to Canada. Apparently not a moment too soon, as the war on the Pacific escalated and shipping lanes were closed until the end of World War II. A large number of people were caught in this situation and their Canadian visas expired.

After the war, Dad embarked on a trip to China again. While away, his eldest daughter, Lin Feng, grew up and married. Dad missed her wedding but was on hand when on November 15, 1948, she gave birth to a baby girl, Yuk Ling (麥玉玲).

While in China, Dad purchased some farm land because as he was approaching 50 and retirement was on his mind. He planned to return to Canada for a few more years then retire to China and farm. The hardship Mom and the family suffered when the shipping lanes were closed during the war was another major factor.

Their first and only son, Kevin, was born on February 27, 1949. Upon returning to Canada, Dad continued with the laundry trade until 1952 when he joined a group buy and operate the Jade Garden Cafe in Montreal’s Chinatown. It was a major decision as he ventured into a brand new line of business at the twilight of his career. Friends and relatives advised him not to stay put and avoid risk at his age. Whether he had foreseen the hand laundry business as a sunset trade and the upcoming popularity of Chinese restaurants is something we don’t know. All we know is he made the switch.

Dad’s retirement plan went down the drain with the Communist’s take over of China. The farm land he acquired was confiscated during the Land Reform (土改). Actually, we were fortunate that we didn’t have enough land to be classified as landlords (大地主). Another factor was that both of my parents were the mild mannered type so they didn’t have any enemy who may wanted revenge by coming forward with any charges and accusations.

So, Dad decided that the best course of action was for him to become a Canadian citizen and have the family join him in Canada. However, he did wanted his son to started school and learned some Chinese before coming to Canada. Even after arriving in Canada he would buy from Hong Kong the more traditional text books such as The Thousand Words Poem (千字文)

It was at this point in time Dad and his cousin, Lee Hay Yim (李希蔭), Da Gong’s son, in the time honoured Chinese tradition agreed each will arranged to bring over a nephew from China. This arrangement was to ensure my grandfather and each of his siblings will have a descendant in Canada and take care of their own family. When filing their naturalization papers both Dad and his cousin reported an extra son with the intend of bring the nephews to Canada. The arrangement was for Dad to bring San Gong’s (三公) grandson, Lee Kwan Hym (李群欽) over. My uncle was to bring his cousin Lee Yi Wing’s (李亦榮) eldest son Lee Kwan Fu, (李群富) over. The plan fell apart, however, as my uncle sold the paper intended for Lee Kwan Fu to a distant cousin, Lee Hay Nuan (李希暖) who used it to bring his son, Lee Lum Yi (李倫益), to Canada.

However, all was not lost. Lee Kwan Hym’s immigration process went smoothly. During the interview he gave all the right answers, so to speak. He left Hong Kong for Canada in either late 1956 or early 1957 because at the time there was a host of cousins going through the immigration process resulting in many trips to the airport.

On the evening of December 20, 1957, Dad and his cousin, Hay Yim or On Shu (安叔), were on the platform of Windsor Station waiting for the arrival of the train with members of his family whom he last saw more than seven years ago.

Working conditions in the restaurants were poor. The standard was 6.5 days a week and 12 hours a day with an annual 2 weeks vacation. Dad worked the day shift which was from 10 am to 10 pm. I only get to see him early in the morning and late at night. Tuesday was the day to forward to because it was Dad’s day off, half a day actually. He still had to go in and worked till 4 in the afternoon. In the summer we would take advantage of the long daylight and visited the park. We frequented Lafontain Park which is close by the laundry shop on St. Denis. On occasions we visited relatives and friends. After supper Dad would tell stories of famous people, experiences of the older overseas Chinese, or passages from the old Chinese writings. Unfortunately I manage to retain some but forgotten most.

Every day before going to work Dad would drop by to see his Third Uncle (三叔), Yin Gang (賢簡), who was a long term tenant in a Chinatown hotel, the Hangzhou Hotel (杭洲旅館). I remember the visits to his room. I think it was room 7, a corner unit on the second floor. I was most intrigued by the grandfather clock standing in the corner of the room.

Dad would generally arrive home from work at about 10:30 or so. If it rained unexpected we would meet him at the bus stop with his umbrella. He liked to relax with some peanut and herbalized gin, about 3/4 of a shot-glass. He wasn’t much of a drinker because his face and neck would turned beet red.

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Chinese immigration to Australia

The majority of Immigrants were poor farmers who were lured away from their villages by the agent of the Crimp, a man whose job it was to recruit workers for Australia or as it was known to them Xinjinshan, (New Golden Mountain). Some of the men who had done well sent home for brothers, sons or other men from their village to follow to this land of great wealth. Many were advanced their passage and were expected to work it off once they landed in Australia.

The ships, used to transport immigrants were so badly overcrowded, many slept three or four to a bunk. The small amount of food they were given was often rotting and the water fetid. it was not uncommon for a dozen or more men or boys to die during the trip,their bodies being dumped overboard like the carcass of an animal.

After a ten pound entry tax was placed on immigrants entering into the state of Victoria, many unscrupulous shipping captains would collect the tax before leaving Hong Kong, where almost all the immigrants departed from, with the promise of paying the tax on entry to Victoria, but then dump the immigrants off the South Australian coast at Robe, leaving them to their own devices to make their way to the Victorian Goldfields of Ballarat or Bendigo. In most cases this was done on foot. With so many being brought into the country in this manner, it is not surprising that few have official records of entry into the country or any form of shipping records.

Having landed in Australia they were to find they would be treated with despise and contempt by the majority of British and European migrants who felt threatened by the sheer numbers of these strangers they knew so little about. At one time In Australian History, There were more Chinese in Australia than any other Nationality. These other migrants also disliked the Chinese sending their gold back to China as they felt it was robbing the Country of its economy.

The Chinese were used to long monotonous toil and soon showed themselves to be good, hard workers, often reworking the claims the “white” miners had given up as useless. This also added to the distrust and contempt felt towards them and when marriages between the Chinese and white women, (mostly Irish as they were perceived only one class above the Chinese), frequent outbursts of violence began. One of these outbursts of violence occurred at the Lambing Flats In New South Wales. Chinese men were dragged behind horses by their ponytails, which were the customary hairstyle of the Chinese at the time. The ponytail would be cut off and taken as a trophy.

Not all Chinese were miners. Some took to their native trades as barbers or butchers, whilst others opened stores or worked market gardens. Hotels, drinking houses and gambling houses also became popular in the Chinese section of the towns and cities.

In 1901 as a result of the violence against Chinese and other perceived minority races, the “White Australia Policy” was introduced which prevented “non white” people from immigranting to Australia, excluding American Negroes. This policy remained in force untill the 1960′s by which time most of the Chinese bloodline and apperance was disappearing.

By the 1960′s and 1970′s many people of Chinese descent had no knowledge of their family history as names were changed to prevent persecution and harrassment due to their origins.

In many Australian towns today, the only remaining signs of the thousands of Chinese that once inhabited them is to be found in the cemeteries where there lie rows of plain humble graves, the headstone carved with Chinese characters, often so badly eroded that it is difficult to read them. In modern times, the Chinese are more readily accepted as being one of the many cultures that have combined to make Australia a Multi-Cultural country and many of the old mining towns and cities have Chinese-Australian Committees who work hard to keep this heritage alive.

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